Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Sosyal Fizik Kaygısı ile Duygusal Beslenme Arasındaki İlişki

Year 2023, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 70 - 79, 30.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1274025

Abstract

Duygusal yeme, bireysel ve çevresel etkenlere bağlı duygusal durumlara yanıt olarak ortaya çıkan bir eğilim olarak tanımlanır. Genellikle kaygı, öfke ve depresyon gibi duygusal durumlar iştahı azaltırken benzer duygusal durumları yaşadıklarında, duygusal yeme davranışı gösteren bireyler aşırı yeme davranışları sergileyebilirler. Yeme davranışına bağlı olarak bireylerin sosyal fizik kaygıları etkilenmektedir. Beden şekli dâhil olmak üzere genel görünümü çevreleyen sosyal kaygı, başkaları tarafından olumsuz değerlendirme korkusu anlamına da gelir. Buna dayanarak bu çalışmada üniversite öğrencilerinde sosyal fizik kaygısı ile duygusal yeme davranışının ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla çalışmada 370 üniversite öğrencisinden kişisel bilgiler toplandıktan sonra Sosyal Kaygı Anksiyetesi ve Hollanda Yeme Davranışı ölçekleri kullanılarak veriler elde edilmiştir. SPSS programı kullanılarak parametrik olmayan testlerden Mann-Whitney U ve Kruskal-Wallis testi ile korelasyon analizleri için Pearson korelasyon testi kullanılmıştır. P<0.05 değerleri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı kabul edilmiştir. Yaş ortalaması 21.93±2.23 olan bireyler (216 kadın ve 154 erkek) arasında değerlendirme yapıldığında yaşanan yer ve birey, sigara ve alkol kullanımı, ebeveynin eğitim düzeyi gibi kişisel faktörlerin yeme davranışı ve/ veya sosyal fizik kaygısına etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sosyal fizik kaygısı ve duygusal beslenme açısından ise fiziksel görünümden rahatsız olanlarda ve yiyecekle ilgili dış uyaranlar nedeniyle yeme davranışı gösterenlerde duygusal yeme davranışının arttığı görülmüştür. Duygusal yeme davranışının çevre tarafından da fiziksel açıdan olumsuz değerlendirme beklentisinin olması ve kendilerini ağırlık kazanımı korkusuyla kısıtlamaları nedeniyle bireylerin psikolojik ya da diyetisyen destekli yaklaşımı önerilmektedir. İlerleyen çalışmalarda yeme bozuklukları ölçekleri de dâhil edilerek bu davranış ve kaygı yaklaşımlarının yeme bozukluğu açısından aydınlatılması da sağlanabilir.

Thanks

Bu araştırma, Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Sedat Arslan danışmanlığında yapılmış olan Melisa Çakar’a ait Yüksek Lisans Tezinden üretilmiştir.

References

  • [1] World Health Organization. (2018). What is the WHO definition of health. Erişim adresi: https://www.who int/en/newsroom/fact-sheets/detail/human-rights-and-health.
  • [2] Baysal, A. (2007). Beslenme. Hatiboğlu Yayınevi, 11. Basım, Ankara.
  • [3] Yasar, R.K, Aytekin, Ö.Ü. (2021). Covid-19 ve beslenme arasındaki ilişkiye güncel bir bakış. Akademik Gıda, 19(1), 108-15.
  • [4] Adriaanse, M.A., de Ridder, D.T, Evers, C. (2011). Emotional eating: eating when emotional or emotional about eating? Psychology and Health, 26(1), 23-39.
  • [5] Sevinçer, G., Konuk, N. (2013). Duygusal yeme. Journal of Mood Disorders, 3(4), 171-8.
  • [6] İnalkaç, S., Arslantaş, H. (2018). Emotional eating. Archive Literature Review Journal, 27(1), 70-82.
  • [7] Özkan, N., Bilici, S. (2018). Yeme davranişinda yeni yaklaşimlar: sezgisel yeme ve yeme farkindaliği. Gazi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 16-24.
  • [8] Altıntaş, M., Özgen, U. (2017). Kişilik yapısının yeme biçimleri üzerindeki etkisi. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 3(5), 1797-810.
  • [9] Erbay, L.G, Seçkin, Y. (2016). Yeme bozuklukları. Güncel Gastroenteroloji, 20(4), 473-7.
  • [10] Bennett, J., Greene, G., Schwartz-Barcott, D. (2013). Perceptions of emotional eating behavior. A qualitative study of college students. Appetite, 60, 187-92.
  • [11] Arslan, S.A., Daşkapan, A., Çakır, B. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinin beslenme ve fiziksel aktivite alışkanlıklarının belirlenmesi. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 15(3), 171-80.
  • [12] Katterman, S.N., Kleinman, B.M., Hood, M.M., Nackers, L.M., Corsica, J.A. (2014). Mindfulness meditation as an intervention for binge eating, emotional eating, and weight loss: a systematic review. Eating Behaviors, 15(2), 197-204.
  • [13] Hagger, M.S., Stevenson, A. (2010). Social physique anxiety and physical self-esteem: Gender and age effects. Psychology and Health, 25(1), 89-110.
  • [14] Tunç, A. (2015). Sporun üniversite Öğrencilerinin Sosyal Kaygı ve Öznel Iyi Oluş Düzeylerine Etkisi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • [15] Çağlar, M., Dinçyürek, S., Arsan, N. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal kaygilarinin analizi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 43(43), 106-16.
  • [16] Mülazımoğlu-Ballı, Ö., Aşçı, F. (2006). Sosyal fiziksel kaygı envanterinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(1), 11-9.
  • [17] Van Strien, T. (1986). Eating Behaviour, Personality Traits and Body Mass. Ph.D. Thesis. Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
  • [18] Bozan, N. (2009). Hollanda Yeme Davranışı (DEBQ) Anketinin Türk Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Geçerlik ve Güvenirliğinin Sınanması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Başkent Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • [19] Konttinen, H. (2020). Emotional eating and obesity in adults: The role of depression, sleep and genes. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 79(3), 283-9.
  • [20] Turan, N., Özdemir Aydın, G., Kaya, H., Aksel, G., Yılmaz, A. (2019). Male nursing students’ social appearance anxiety and their coping attitudes. American Journal of Men's Health, 13(1), 1557988319825922.
  • [21] Jamshed, H., Arslan, J. (2022). Loneliness, emotional eating, and covid-19 in youth. Current Developments in Nutrition, 6(Supplement 1), 206-206.
  • [22] Melero, S., Morales, A., Espada, J.P., Fernández-Martínez, I., Orgilés, M. (2020). How does perfectionism influence the development of psychological strengths and difficulties in children? International Journal of Environmental Research And Public Health, 17(11), 4081.
  • [23] Savage, J.S., Fisher, J.O., Birch, L.L. (2007). Parental influence on eating behavior: conception to adolescence. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 35(1), 22-34.
  • [24] Lopez, E.N. (2004). Effects of weight-related cues on smoking motivation. M.Sc. Thesis. University of South Florida, USA.
  • [25] Lopez Khoury, E.N., Litvin, E.B., Brandon, T.H. (2009). The effect of body image threat on smoking motivation among college women: mediation by negative affect. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 23(2), 279.
  • [26] Holzhauer, C.G., Zenner, A., Wulfert, E. (2016). Poor body image and alcohol use in women. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(1), 122.
  • [27] Poelman, M.P., Gillebaart, M., Schlinkert, C., Dijkstra, S.C., Derksen, E., Mensink, F., Hermans, Roel, C.J., Pleun, A., Ridder, D., Vet, E. (2021). Eating behavior and food purchases during the covid-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional study among adults in the Netherlands. Appetite, 157, 105002.
  • [28] Worsley, A., Wang, W.C., Hunter, W. (2012). The relationships between eating habits, smoking and alcohol consumption, and body mass index among baby boomers. Appetite, 58(1), 74-80.
  • [29] Annesi, J.J., Mareno, N. (2015). Improvement in emotional eating associated with an enhanced body image in obese women: mediation by weight‐management treatments' effects on self‐efficacy to resist emotional cues to eating. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 71(12), 2923-2935.
  • [30] Lee, K., Sohn, H., Lee, S., Lee, J. (2004). Weight and bmi over 6 years in Korean children: relationships to body image and weight loss efforts. Obesity Research, 12(12), 1959-1966.
  • [31] Quick, V.M., Byrd-Bredbenner, C. (2014). Disordered eating, socio-cultural media influencers, body image, and psychological factors among a racially/ethnically diverse population of college women. Eating Behaviors, 15(1), 37-41.
  • [32] Duarte, C., Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2015). Returning to emotional eating: the emotional eating scale psychometric properties and associations with body image flexibility and binge eating. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 20(4), 497-504.
  • [33] Sze, K.Y., Lee, E.K., Chan, R.H., Kim, J.H. (2021). Prevalence of negative emotional eating and its associated psychosocial factors among urban chinese undergraduates in hong kong: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1-10.
  • [34] Barnhart, W.R., Braden, A.L., Jordan, A.K. (2020). Negative and positive emotional eating uniquely interact with ease of activation, intensity, and duration of emotional reactivity to predict increased binge eating. Appetite, 151, 104688.
  • [35] Sultson, H., Kukk, K., Akkermann, K. (2017). Positive and negative emotional eating have different associations with overeating and binge eating: Construction and validation of the positive-negative emotional eating scale. Appetite, 116, 423-430.
  • [36] Cristiana, P. (2016). Self-esteem and body image perception in a sample of university students. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 16(64), 31-44.
  • [37] Ohara, K., Kato, Y., Mase, T., Kouda, K., Miyawaki, C., Fujita, Y., Okita, Y., Nakamura, H. (2014). Eating behavior and perception of body shape in Japanese university students. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 19(4), 461-468.
  • [38] Hart, T.A., Flora, D.B., Palyo, S.A., Fresco, D.M., Holle, C., Heimberg, R.G. (2008). Development and examination of the social appearance anxiety scale. Assessment, 15(1), 48-59.
  • [39] Özcan, H., Subaşı, B., Budak, B., Çelik, M., Gürel, Ş.C., Yıldız, M. (1970). Relationship between self-esteem, social appearence anxiety, depression and anxiety in adolescent and young adult women. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 3(3), 107-107.
  • [40] Alden, L.E., Taylor, C.T. (2004). Interpersonal processes in social phobia. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(7), 857-82.

Relationship between Social Physique Anxiety and Emotional Nutrition among University Students

Year 2023, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 70 - 79, 30.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1274025

Abstract

Emotional eating is defined as a tendency that occurs in response to emotional states related to individual and environmental factors. While emotional states such as anxiety, anger, and depression generally reduce appetite, individuals with emotional eating behavior may exhibit binge eating behaviors when they experience similar emotional situations. The social physique anxiety of individuals is affected depending on eating behavior. Social anxiety surrounding general appearance, including body shape, also means fear of negative evaluation by others. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between social physique anxiety and emotional eating behavior among university students. For this purpose, after collecting personal information from 370 university students, data were obtained by using Social Anxiety and Dutch Eating Behavior scales. The SPSS program was used for the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests, nonparametric tests, and the Pearson correlation test was used for correlation analysis. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Among individuals (216 females and 154 males) with a mean age of 21.93±2.23, personal factors such as the place of residence and individual, smoking and alcohol use, and parental education status had an effect on eating behavior and / or social physique anxiety. In terms of social physical anxiety and emotional nutrition, emotional eating behavior increased in those individuals who were disturbed by their physical appearance and who showed eating behavior due to external stimuli related to food. Psychological or dietitian-assisted approach of individuals is recommended because emotional eating behavior is expected to be evaluated physically by the environment negatively and they restrict themselves with the fear of gaining weight. Eating disorders’ scales can be included in future studies, and behavioral and anxiety approaches can be clarified in terms of eating disorders.

References

  • [1] World Health Organization. (2018). What is the WHO definition of health. Erişim adresi: https://www.who int/en/newsroom/fact-sheets/detail/human-rights-and-health.
  • [2] Baysal, A. (2007). Beslenme. Hatiboğlu Yayınevi, 11. Basım, Ankara.
  • [3] Yasar, R.K, Aytekin, Ö.Ü. (2021). Covid-19 ve beslenme arasındaki ilişkiye güncel bir bakış. Akademik Gıda, 19(1), 108-15.
  • [4] Adriaanse, M.A., de Ridder, D.T, Evers, C. (2011). Emotional eating: eating when emotional or emotional about eating? Psychology and Health, 26(1), 23-39.
  • [5] Sevinçer, G., Konuk, N. (2013). Duygusal yeme. Journal of Mood Disorders, 3(4), 171-8.
  • [6] İnalkaç, S., Arslantaş, H. (2018). Emotional eating. Archive Literature Review Journal, 27(1), 70-82.
  • [7] Özkan, N., Bilici, S. (2018). Yeme davranişinda yeni yaklaşimlar: sezgisel yeme ve yeme farkindaliği. Gazi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 16-24.
  • [8] Altıntaş, M., Özgen, U. (2017). Kişilik yapısının yeme biçimleri üzerindeki etkisi. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 3(5), 1797-810.
  • [9] Erbay, L.G, Seçkin, Y. (2016). Yeme bozuklukları. Güncel Gastroenteroloji, 20(4), 473-7.
  • [10] Bennett, J., Greene, G., Schwartz-Barcott, D. (2013). Perceptions of emotional eating behavior. A qualitative study of college students. Appetite, 60, 187-92.
  • [11] Arslan, S.A., Daşkapan, A., Çakır, B. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinin beslenme ve fiziksel aktivite alışkanlıklarının belirlenmesi. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 15(3), 171-80.
  • [12] Katterman, S.N., Kleinman, B.M., Hood, M.M., Nackers, L.M., Corsica, J.A. (2014). Mindfulness meditation as an intervention for binge eating, emotional eating, and weight loss: a systematic review. Eating Behaviors, 15(2), 197-204.
  • [13] Hagger, M.S., Stevenson, A. (2010). Social physique anxiety and physical self-esteem: Gender and age effects. Psychology and Health, 25(1), 89-110.
  • [14] Tunç, A. (2015). Sporun üniversite Öğrencilerinin Sosyal Kaygı ve Öznel Iyi Oluş Düzeylerine Etkisi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • [15] Çağlar, M., Dinçyürek, S., Arsan, N. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal kaygilarinin analizi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 43(43), 106-16.
  • [16] Mülazımoğlu-Ballı, Ö., Aşçı, F. (2006). Sosyal fiziksel kaygı envanterinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(1), 11-9.
  • [17] Van Strien, T. (1986). Eating Behaviour, Personality Traits and Body Mass. Ph.D. Thesis. Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
  • [18] Bozan, N. (2009). Hollanda Yeme Davranışı (DEBQ) Anketinin Türk Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Geçerlik ve Güvenirliğinin Sınanması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Başkent Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • [19] Konttinen, H. (2020). Emotional eating and obesity in adults: The role of depression, sleep and genes. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 79(3), 283-9.
  • [20] Turan, N., Özdemir Aydın, G., Kaya, H., Aksel, G., Yılmaz, A. (2019). Male nursing students’ social appearance anxiety and their coping attitudes. American Journal of Men's Health, 13(1), 1557988319825922.
  • [21] Jamshed, H., Arslan, J. (2022). Loneliness, emotional eating, and covid-19 in youth. Current Developments in Nutrition, 6(Supplement 1), 206-206.
  • [22] Melero, S., Morales, A., Espada, J.P., Fernández-Martínez, I., Orgilés, M. (2020). How does perfectionism influence the development of psychological strengths and difficulties in children? International Journal of Environmental Research And Public Health, 17(11), 4081.
  • [23] Savage, J.S., Fisher, J.O., Birch, L.L. (2007). Parental influence on eating behavior: conception to adolescence. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 35(1), 22-34.
  • [24] Lopez, E.N. (2004). Effects of weight-related cues on smoking motivation. M.Sc. Thesis. University of South Florida, USA.
  • [25] Lopez Khoury, E.N., Litvin, E.B., Brandon, T.H. (2009). The effect of body image threat on smoking motivation among college women: mediation by negative affect. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 23(2), 279.
  • [26] Holzhauer, C.G., Zenner, A., Wulfert, E. (2016). Poor body image and alcohol use in women. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(1), 122.
  • [27] Poelman, M.P., Gillebaart, M., Schlinkert, C., Dijkstra, S.C., Derksen, E., Mensink, F., Hermans, Roel, C.J., Pleun, A., Ridder, D., Vet, E. (2021). Eating behavior and food purchases during the covid-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional study among adults in the Netherlands. Appetite, 157, 105002.
  • [28] Worsley, A., Wang, W.C., Hunter, W. (2012). The relationships between eating habits, smoking and alcohol consumption, and body mass index among baby boomers. Appetite, 58(1), 74-80.
  • [29] Annesi, J.J., Mareno, N. (2015). Improvement in emotional eating associated with an enhanced body image in obese women: mediation by weight‐management treatments' effects on self‐efficacy to resist emotional cues to eating. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 71(12), 2923-2935.
  • [30] Lee, K., Sohn, H., Lee, S., Lee, J. (2004). Weight and bmi over 6 years in Korean children: relationships to body image and weight loss efforts. Obesity Research, 12(12), 1959-1966.
  • [31] Quick, V.M., Byrd-Bredbenner, C. (2014). Disordered eating, socio-cultural media influencers, body image, and psychological factors among a racially/ethnically diverse population of college women. Eating Behaviors, 15(1), 37-41.
  • [32] Duarte, C., Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2015). Returning to emotional eating: the emotional eating scale psychometric properties and associations with body image flexibility and binge eating. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 20(4), 497-504.
  • [33] Sze, K.Y., Lee, E.K., Chan, R.H., Kim, J.H. (2021). Prevalence of negative emotional eating and its associated psychosocial factors among urban chinese undergraduates in hong kong: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1-10.
  • [34] Barnhart, W.R., Braden, A.L., Jordan, A.K. (2020). Negative and positive emotional eating uniquely interact with ease of activation, intensity, and duration of emotional reactivity to predict increased binge eating. Appetite, 151, 104688.
  • [35] Sultson, H., Kukk, K., Akkermann, K. (2017). Positive and negative emotional eating have different associations with overeating and binge eating: Construction and validation of the positive-negative emotional eating scale. Appetite, 116, 423-430.
  • [36] Cristiana, P. (2016). Self-esteem and body image perception in a sample of university students. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 16(64), 31-44.
  • [37] Ohara, K., Kato, Y., Mase, T., Kouda, K., Miyawaki, C., Fujita, Y., Okita, Y., Nakamura, H. (2014). Eating behavior and perception of body shape in Japanese university students. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 19(4), 461-468.
  • [38] Hart, T.A., Flora, D.B., Palyo, S.A., Fresco, D.M., Holle, C., Heimberg, R.G. (2008). Development and examination of the social appearance anxiety scale. Assessment, 15(1), 48-59.
  • [39] Özcan, H., Subaşı, B., Budak, B., Çelik, M., Gürel, Ş.C., Yıldız, M. (1970). Relationship between self-esteem, social appearence anxiety, depression and anxiety in adolescent and young adult women. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 3(3), 107-107.
  • [40] Alden, L.E., Taylor, C.T. (2004). Interpersonal processes in social phobia. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(7), 857-82.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Food Engineering
Journal Section Research Papers
Authors

Melisa Çakar This is me 0000-0002-1406-4908

Sedat Arslan 0000-0002-3356-7332

Publication Date March 30, 2023
Submission Date September 6, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 21 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çakar, M., & Arslan, S. (2023). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Sosyal Fizik Kaygısı ile Duygusal Beslenme Arasındaki İlişki. Akademik Gıda, 21(1), 70-79. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1274025
AMA Çakar M, Arslan S. Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Sosyal Fizik Kaygısı ile Duygusal Beslenme Arasındaki İlişki. Akademik Gıda. March 2023;21(1):70-79. doi:10.24323/akademik-gida.1274025
Chicago Çakar, Melisa, and Sedat Arslan. “Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Sosyal Fizik Kaygısı Ile Duygusal Beslenme Arasındaki İlişki”. Akademik Gıda 21, no. 1 (March 2023): 70-79. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1274025.
EndNote Çakar M, Arslan S (March 1, 2023) Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Sosyal Fizik Kaygısı ile Duygusal Beslenme Arasındaki İlişki. Akademik Gıda 21 1 70–79.
IEEE M. Çakar and S. Arslan, “Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Sosyal Fizik Kaygısı ile Duygusal Beslenme Arasındaki İlişki”, Akademik Gıda, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 70–79, 2023, doi: 10.24323/akademik-gida.1274025.
ISNAD Çakar, Melisa - Arslan, Sedat. “Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Sosyal Fizik Kaygısı Ile Duygusal Beslenme Arasındaki İlişki”. Akademik Gıda 21/1 (March 2023), 70-79. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1274025.
JAMA Çakar M, Arslan S. Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Sosyal Fizik Kaygısı ile Duygusal Beslenme Arasındaki İlişki. Akademik Gıda. 2023;21:70–79.
MLA Çakar, Melisa and Sedat Arslan. “Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Sosyal Fizik Kaygısı Ile Duygusal Beslenme Arasındaki İlişki”. Akademik Gıda, vol. 21, no. 1, 2023, pp. 70-79, doi:10.24323/akademik-gida.1274025.
Vancouver Çakar M, Arslan S. Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Sosyal Fizik Kaygısı ile Duygusal Beslenme Arasındaki İlişki. Akademik Gıda. 2023;21(1):70-9.

25964   25965    25966      25968   25967


88x31.png

Bu eser Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0) Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.

Akademik Gıda (Academic Food Journal) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).